Yeah, so the bad news is that the lava plume under Yellowstone is way bigger than previously thought

For a good scare, it’s always fun to talk about how fucked we’ll all be when the Yellowstone caldera blows its lid one day. Hopefully we won’t be around, but if we are, it’s going to be one hell of a show. Geologists have already discovered recently that the caldera itself is bigger than we had once thought, but now it turns out the lava that’s fueling it is incredibly massive as well.

Past imaging efforts have used seismic waves to detect the border between molten and solid rock. These have indicated that the mantle plume originates somewhere deep under Idaho and slopes eastward as it rises to meet the surface under Wyoming.

The new picture roughly agrees with this, but suggests the area heated by the plume may be far more extensive than indicated by the seismic data. It relies on what is termed magneto-telluric (MT) readings, which register subtle changes in the Earth’s conductivity and magnetic fields. These register differences in temperature and composition of the rock and fluids, as these change alter the conductivity of the crust.

MT data was a bit hard to come by, but the National Science Foundation’s Earth Scope grid has produced readings from a regularly spaced network of sensors across the western US. The authors were able to get readings from hundreds of stations across most of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming to image the plume underneath Yellowstone.

Converting subtle differences in conductivity into a detailed map of underground structures is a rather complicated task, and a large portion of the paper is devoted to describing the computational methods that made it possible. Most of these involved adapting known solutions so that they could be run in parallel and lowering the memory requirements for the production of a single volume of the Earth’s crust. Both the generation of the cells used (which were 4km on a side) and the calculations themselves were parallelized, allowing the reconstruction to be run on a computing grid in a reasonable amount of time.

The resulting picture suggests that the molten rock of the mantle plume seen in seismic images is only the core of a much larger volume of hot crust. Although this area isn’t molten, the high temperatures allow water to pick up elevated levels of salt, which enables its detection through the MT monitoring equipment. The plume itself seems to slope down a bit more gently, and extend much further under Idaho than the seismic data had suggested. The MT data also confirms suggestions that the rock within the plume doesn’t become molten until it reaches a depth of about 250km.

Via